1. Division East stats & predictions

Introduction to Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark

Welcome to the exciting world of Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark, where passion meets skill on the court every day. This division showcases some of the most talented teams and players in Danish volleyball, offering thrilling matches that keep fans on the edge of their seats. With daily updates, you can stay informed about the latest matches and expert betting predictions.

The Teams

The Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark is home to several competitive teams, each with its unique strengths and strategies. These teams bring a diverse range of playing styles to the court, making each match unpredictable and exciting.

• Team A: Known for their strong defensive play and tactical prowess.
• Team B: Famous for their fast-paced offense and dynamic players.
• Team C: Renowned for their balanced approach, excelling both offensively and defensively.
• Team D: Emerging as a dark horse with young talent showing great promise.

Each team brings something special to the league, creating a vibrant competition that keeps fans engaged throughout the season.

Daily Match Updates

Stay updated with the latest match results from Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark. Our platform provides daily updates on scores, key moments, and player performances, ensuring you never miss out on any action.

• Date: Matches are played every weekend, with results updated promptly after each game.
• Scores: Detailed scores for each set are provided to give a comprehensive view of how the match unfolded.
• Highlights: Key moments from each match are highlighted to capture the excitement and pivotal plays that defined the game.

This daily update feature ensures you are always in the loop with the latest happenings in the league.

Betting Predictions by Experts

Betting on volleyball can be an exhilarating experience, especially when guided by expert predictions. Our experts analyze past performances, player statistics, and current form to provide insightful betting tips for each match in Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark.

• Prediction Accuracy: Our experts boast a high accuracy rate in predicting match outcomes based on thorough analysis.
• Detailed Analysis: Each prediction includes detailed reasoning behind it, helping you make informed betting decisions.
• Daily Tips: Receive fresh betting tips every day to capitalize on upcoming matches in the division.

Leverage these expert predictions to enhance your betting strategy and increase your chances of success.

The Thrill of Live Matches

Watching live volleyball matches from Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark is an exhilarating experience. The energy in the arena is palpable as teams compete fiercely for victory. Each point is contested with intensity, showcasing the skill and determination of top-tier athletes.

• Venues: Matches are held at various venues across Eastern Denmark, each offering a unique atmosphere for fans to enjoy.
• Fan Engagement: Fans play a crucial role in energizing players and creating an unforgettable matchday experience.
• Spectator Experience: With excellent facilities and passionate supporters, attending these matches is an experience not to be missed.

The thrill of live volleyball is unmatched, providing fans with unforgettable memories and showcasing some of the best talent in Danish volleyball today.

Making Your Mark as a Fan

Becoming an active fan of Volleyball 1. Division East Denmark offers numerous opportunities to engage with your favorite teams and players. Here’s how you can make your mark as a dedicated supporter:

• Fan Clubs: Join or create fan clubs dedicated to your favorite team to connect with like-minded supporters and participate in organized events or meetups.
• Social Media Engagement: Follow teams and players on social media platforms to stay updated with news, behind-the-scenes content, and interact directly with them.
• Tournaments & Events:: Attend local tournaments or events where you can meet fellow fans and immerse yourself deeper into the volleyball community.
• Creative Support: Create fan art or videos celebrating your team’s achievements; share these creations online using relevant hashtags (#VolleyballDenmark) so others can discover them too!#include "kernel.h" #include "mmu.h" //TODO: remove this once we have more sophisticated page table management static pte_t *kern_pgdir; // Set up kernel part of a two-level page table. void pgdir_init(void) { // Create initial kernel-only page table at boot time. kern_pgdir = (pte_t *)boot_alloc(PGSIZE); memset(kern_pgdir, 0xFFuLL , PGSIZE); kern_pgdir[PDX(UVPT)] = PADDR(boot_pml4e) | PTE_P | PTE_W | PTE_U; } // // Map user virtual address UPAGES->KERNBASE so that user code can access // its stack via memory mapped I/O. // void user_mem_map(struct PageInfo *pg) { uint32_t va; // Remap VA range [UPAGES, UPAGES+PGSIZE) -> [UDATA_PADDR, // UDATA_PADDR+PGSIZE) va = UDATA_PADDR; uint32_t pa = page2pa(pg); if ((int)(pa - KERNBASE) % PGSIZE != 0) panic("user_mem_map: not aligned"); if (PGNUM(pa) >= npages) panic("user_mem_map: out of range"); pgdir_walk(kern_pgdir , (void*)va , 1); kern_pgdir[PDX(va)] |= PTE_P | PTE_W |PTE_U; kern_pgdir[PGNUM(va)] |= PTE_P |PTE_W |PTE_U; boot_map_region(kern_pgdir ,va ,PTSIZE,(uint32_t)pa,PTE_W|PTE_U); if ((int)(UPAGES - KERNBASE) % PGSIZE != 0) panic("user_mem_map: not aligned"); if (PGNUM(PDX(UPAGES)) >= npages) panic("user_mem_map: out of range"); pgdir_walk(kern_pgdir , (void*)UPAGES , 1); kern_pgdir[PDX(UPAGES)] |= PTE_P |PTE_W |PTE_U; kern_pgdir[PGNUM(UPAGES)] |= PTE_P |PTE_W|PTE_U; boot_map_region(kern_pgdir ,UPAGES ,PTSIZE,(uint32_t)page2pa(pg),PTE_W|PTE_U); } <|repo_name|>sarthakjain/CS333-Operating-Systems<|file_sep[](https://travis-ci.org/SarthakJain/CS333-Operating-Systems) # CS333 Operating Systems This repository contains my solutions for assignments given during CS333 Operating Systems course at IIT Bombay. ## Assignment Specifications ### Assignment #01 : User-level Threads The first assignment consists in implementing threads at user level using context switching between processes. ### Assignment #02 : System Calls The second assignment involves adding support for system calls including process creation (`fork`), process termination (`exit`), waiting (`wait`), file descriptor manipulation (`open`, `read`, `write`, `close`) etc. ### Assignment #03 : Virtual Memory The third assignment deals with virtual memory implementation including demand paging. ### Assignment #04 : Synchronization Primitives The fourth assignment involves implementing synchronization primitives such as mutexes using futexes provided by Linux kernel. ### Assignment #05 : Multi-core Scheduling The fifth assignment requires adding support for multi-core scheduling including support for affinity scheduling policy which tries hard not to move processes from one core they were previously running on. ## Build Instructions To build JOS run: bash make qemu-nox To build JOS without QEMU run: bash make qemu-nox NO_QEMU=1 To build JOS under QEMU use: bash make qemu-nox QEMU=1 <|repo_name|>sarthakjain/CS333-Operating-Systems<|file_sepODULE_DIR := obj/user/ MODULES := $(wildcard *.c) obj/user/% : %.c $(KERNEL_DIR)/lib/kernel.ld $(KERNEL_DIR)/lib/kernel.a gcc $^ -o $@ -m32 -fno-builtin -nostdinc -nostdlib -isystem $(GCC_INCLUDE_DIR) -I$(KERNEL_DIR)/include -I$(KERNEL_DIR)/lib -Wl,-T,$(KERNEL_DIR)/lib/kernel.ld,-Map=$@_map.txt,-N,-e,kernel_entry_point -march=i686 -mno-sse -ffreestanding .PHONY: clean-user clean-user-cleaner test-user test-user-cleaner test-user-debug test-user: $(addprefix obj/user/,$(MODULES)) test-user-cleaner: rm -rf obj/user/* test-user-debug: gcc tests/test.c $(USER_LIBS) clean-user: rm -rf obj/user/* clean-user-cleaner: rm -rf obj/user/* _*map.txt *.o *.a *.so *.out *~ .*.sw* .*.sw.* <|file_sep_cpuflags := ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64) CFLAGS += -m64 $(addprefix --target=elf_,$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags)) LDFLAGS += --build=$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags) --host=$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags) else ifeq ($(ARCH), i386) CFLAGS += -m32 $(addprefix --target=elf_,$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags)) LDFLAGS += --build=$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags) --host=$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags) else ifeq ($(ARCH), armv7l) CFLAGS += --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf LDFLAGS += --build=$(shell uname)-$(_cpuflags) --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf endif ifeq ($(DEBUG), y) CFLAGS += -g3 endif ifeq ($(QEMU), y) export CC=qemu-i386-gcc endif CC ?= gcc AS ?= nasm GCC_INCLUDE_DIR := /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/5/include/ all: kasm libkernel.a libkernel.so kernel_entry_point.o kernel_entry_point.bin grub.cfg kasm: make ARCH=i386 ARCHFLAGS="-march=i686" CPUFLAG="-mno-sse" all-kasm libkernel.a: make ARCH=i386 ARCHFLAGS="-march=i686" CPUFLAG="-mno-sse" all-libkernel.a libkernel.so: make ARCH=i386 ARCHFLAGS="-march=i686" CPUFLAG="-mno-sse" all-libkernel.so grub.cfg grub/multiboot.img multiboot_kernel.bin: grub/grub.cfg grub/multiboot.asm grub/multiboot_kernel.asm Makefile libkernel.a libkernel.so kasm Makefragments/kernel.ld Makefragments/kernel.map Makefragments/kernel.sym grub-mkrescue ./grub/grub.cfg > grub/multiboot.img %.bin : %.o libkernel.a libkernel.so objcopy $< $@ %.o : %.asm Makefragments/kernel.ld Makefragments/kernel.map Makefragments/kernel.sym libkernel.a libkernel.so nasm $< -f elf64 $(ARCHFLAGS) $(CPUFLAG) %.out : %.c Makefragments/kernel.ld Makefragments/kernel.map Makefragments/kernel.sym libkernel.a libkernel.so gcc $^ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) --specs=nosys.specs -ffreestanding -isystem $(GCC_INCLUDE_DIR) #-nostdinc #-nostdinc++ #-I/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include/c++/x86_64-linux-gnu #-I/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include/c++ #-I/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include #-I/usr/local/include #-I/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu #-I/usr/include #--sysroot=/usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/i586-poky-linux-uclinux #--sysroot=/usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/armv7a-poky-linux-uclinux #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/i586-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/lib/gcc/i586-poky-linux-uclinux/6/include/ #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/armv7a-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/lib/gcc/armv7a-poky-linux-gnueabi/6/include/ #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/i586-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/lib/gcc/i586-poky-linux-uclinux/6/include-fixed/ #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/armv7a-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/lib/gcc/armv7a-poky-linux-gnueabi/6/include-fixed/ #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/i586-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/include/ #-isystem /usr/local/cross/bin/../sys-root/armv7a-poky-linux-uclinux/usr/include/ #-Tlink.ld <|repo_name|>sarthakjain/CS333-Operating-Systems<|file_sep**User-Level Threads** In this assignment we implement threads at user level using context switching between processes. We start off by creating two separate executables `tst_fork.c` & `tst_exit.c`. In `tst_fork.c` we fork two child processes which sleep indefinitely while parent waits till both children terminate before terminating itself too. In `tst_exit.c` we exit immediately after printing some text. In order for our operating system's scheduler to schedule multiple processes running concurrently we need them all running simultaneously i.e., when one process sleeps other should be able run instead without getting stuck waiting indefinitely due infinite sleep duration specified by it's child process(es). To achieve this we implement rudimentary round-robin scheduler which will switch between all runnable processes periodically allowing them equal amount time slice during which they may execute before being preempted by another runnable process thus giving illusion that they're running concurrently even though only one process actually executes instructions at any given moment. We also need mechanism through which new processes get scheduled upon creation via system call `fork()` invoked by currently running process wishing it's own duplicate created i.e., child process spawned from parent's address space copy inheriting same state except PID value differentiating them apart ensuring no conflicts occur due shared resources such as memory pages etc.. Once created child must be scheduled along side other runnable processes thus allowing it fair share CPU time slice during which it may execute instructions before being preempted again ensuring fairness among all runnable tasks within OS regardless whether newly spawned child task just now entered queue ready state awaiting scheduling opportunity next turn around cycle otherwise known simply "scheduler". Finally once either parent or both children terminate then respective exit handlers invoked automatically cleaning up any allocated resources associated specifically those particular tasks freeing up memory pages allocated exclusively used only during lifetime execution specific instance preventing leaks occurring over time leading eventually crash due exhausted available physical RAM capacity resulting inability allocate further required space needed continue normal operation smoothly uninterrupted manner expected reliable computing environment users expect experience everyday life relying heavily upon robustness stability underlying infrastructure powering devices connected network interconnected world today increasingly reliant technology ubiquitous presence everywhere imaginable.<|repo_name|>sarthakjain/CS333-Operating-Systems<|file_sep[bits 16] org 0x07c00 mov ax,[cs] mov ds,[ax] mov es,[ax] cli ; Don't handle interrupts yet! xor ax,[cs] ; Zero AX register... xor di,[cs] ; ...and DI register too... xor si,[cs] ; ...and SI register too... ; Load GDT descriptor into GDTR register... lgdt [gdtdesc] ; Switch into protected mode... mov eax,[cr0] or eax,[eax] +8bH ; Enable protected mode... mov [cr0],eax ; ...by setting bit number seven... jmp far ptr [8*8+cs:] ; Far jump! Reload CS register... [BITS 32] ; Now set up segments registers data/descriptor tables correctly! mov ax,[ds] mov ss,[ax] ; Set up stack segment... ; Stack grows down so SS points above heap here! mov esp,_heapend +4096H ; Set up stack pointer! ; Now load data segment registers DS ES FS GS appropriately! mov ax,_datastart ; Data segment starts here... mov ds,[ax] ; So load DS register... mov es,[ax] ; And ES register... ; FS/GS not used right now! call multiboot_entry ; Call main() function! hang ; Hang if main() returns! multiboot_magic equ 'multiboot' multiboot_header_start: dd multiboot_magic ; dd multiboot_header_end-multiboot_header_start ; dd -(multiboot_magic+(multiboot_header_end-multiboot_header_start)) ; dd multiboot_magic ; multiboot_header_end: gdt_start: dq 0000000000000000bH ; Null descriptor... dq 0900100018000000bH ; Kernel code descriptor.. dq 0200200180000000bH ; Kernel data descriptor.. dq ff030081ffff0000bH ; User code/data descriptor.. gdt_end: gdtdesc dw gdt_end-gdt_start ; dd gdt_start ; [BITS 16] times (_start-_begin)*512 db ' ' %include "loader.inc" %define STACKSIZE equ (256*1024) align (4*1024)/8 ; stackspace times STACKSIZE db ' ' ; align (4*1024)/8 ; heapstart db 'HEAP',13,'Heap begins here!',13,'',13,'',13,'',13,'',13,'',13,'' _heapend : align (4*1024)/8 ; datarawstart db 'DATA',13,'Data begins here!',13,'' _datastart equ datarawstart+_end-datarawstart ; %define _end _datastart+_rawsize+_bss_size times (510-_begin)*512 db ' ' dw 0AA55H ; [BITS 16] _begin: org _begin+510 ; jmp short begin ; begin: ; Set up real mode interrupt vectors... cli ; Disable interrupts temporarily... push cs ; pop ds ; push cs ; pop es ; lea si,interrupt_table ; xor di,dx ; repeat_vectors: lodsd ; rep stosd ; cmp di,_interrupt_table_end-_interrupt_table+15*4; jb repeat_vectors ; sti ; call dword ptr cs:[si] ; jmp hang ; hang: jmp hang ; %macro read_sectors_from_disk_at_sector_number_to_buffer_with_number_of_sectors_and_size_of_sector_in_bytes_and_disk_id_and_offset_in_bytes_in_buffer_for_first_sector_read_from_disk_and_number_of_sectors_to_read_from_disk_and_bytes_per_sector_and_driver_number_and_offset_in_buffer_where_data_is_written_to_as_bytes_from_beginning_of_buffer_and_buffer_address_and_error_code_returned_by_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as_zero_or_one_word_values_after_calling_function_if_any_at_all_or_zero_if_no_error_occurred_during_operation_as zero_words times zero_words dw zero_words times zero_words dw zero_words times zero_words dw zero_words times zero_words dw zero_words times zero_words dw push ax ; push cx ; push dx ; push bx ; push bp ; push si ; push di ; mov ah,_read_sectors_from_disk_interrupt_number_on_intterupt_vector_array_for_drivers_on_physical_device_connected_via_usb_serial_port_to_computer_using_their_own_private_protocols_defined_by_their_manufacturers_and_that_may_have_different_syntax_for_the_same_command_between_different_drivers_on_the_same_machine_so_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_these_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system simlarly we must be careful when writing code that accesses hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running system similarly must careful writing code accessing hardware devices directly without going through standardized interface provided operating system avoiding accidentally corrupt memory used other processes running mov ah,_read_sectors_from_disk_interrupt_number_on_intterupt_vector_array_for_drivers_on_physical_device_connected_via_usb_serial_port_to_computer_using_their_own_private_protocols_defined_by_their_manufacturers_and_that_may_have_different_syntax_for_the_same_command_between_different_drivers_on_the_same_machine_so_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_these_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so_that_we_can_avoid_accidentally_corrupting_memory_used_by_other_processes_running_on_the_system_similarly_we_must_be_careful_when_writing_code_that_accesses_hardware_devices_directly_without_going_through_a_standardized_interface_provided_by_an_operating_system_so-that-we-can-avoid-accidentally-corrupt-ing-memory-used-by-other-process-es-running-on-the-system-similar-l-y-we-mus-t-be-carefu-l-wri-tin-g-code-th-at-access-es-hardw-a-re-devic-es-directl-y-without-go-ing-through-a-standardize-d-interface-provide-d-by-an-operatin-g-system-so-that-we-can-a-voi-d-ac-ciden-tally-co-rro-pt-ing-me-mory-used-by-othe-r-proces-s-runni-ng-on-the-syste-m-simil-ar-l-y-we-mus-t-be-carefu-l-wri-tin-g-code-th-at-access-es-hardw-a-re-devic-es-directl-y-without-go-ing-through-a-standardize-d-interface-provide-d-by-an-operatin-g-system-so-that-we-can-a-voi-d-ac-ciden-tally-co-rro-pt-ing-me-mory-used-by-othe-r-proces-s-runni-ng-on-the-syste-m-simil-ar-l-y-we-mus-t-be-carefu-l-wri-tin-g-code-th-at-access-es-hardw-a-re-devic-es-directl-y-without-go-ing-through-a-standardize-d-interface-provide-d-by-an-operatin-g-system-so-that-we-can-a-voi-d-ac-ciden-tally-co-rro-pt-ing-me-mory-used-by-othe-r-proces-s-runni-ng-on-the-syste-msimilarl_yweMustBeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizedInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsystemSoThatWeCanAvoidAccidentallyCorrputtingMemoryUsedByOtherProcessRunningonsystemsimilarmustbeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizedInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsystemSoThatWeCanAvoidAccidentallyCorrputtingMemoryUsedByOtherProcessRunningonsystemsimilarmustbeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizedInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsystemSoThatWeCanAvoidAccidentallyCorrputtingMemoryUsedByOtherProcessRunningonsystemsimilarl_yweMustBeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizeDInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsystemSothatweCanAvoidAccidentalyCorrputtingMemoryUsedByotherProcessRunningOnsystemsimilarmustbeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizeDInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsystemSothatweCanAvoidAccidentalyCorrputtingMemoryUsedByotherProcessRunningOnsystemsimilarmustbeCarefullWritingCodeThatAccesseshardwareDevicesDirectWithoutGoingThroughStandardizeDInterfaceProvidedByAnoperatingsytemsothatwecanavoidaccidentalycorrputtingmemoryusedbyotherprocessrunningonSystemsimilarmustbeCarefullWritingCodeThataccesseshardwareDevicesDirectwithoutgoingthroughstandardizdeinterfaceprovidedbyanoperatingsytemsothatwecanavoidaccidentalycorrputtingmemoryusedbyotherprocessrunningonSystem 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THATWECANAVOIDACCIDENTALLYCORRPUTTINGMEMORYUSEDBYOTHERPROCESSRUNNINGONSYSTEMSIMILARMUSTBECAREFULLWRITINGCODETHATACCESSESHARDWAREDEVICESDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTHROUGHSTANDARDIZEDINTERFACEPROVIDEDBYANOPERATINGSYSTEMSO THATWECANAVOIDACCIDENTALLYCORRPUTTINGMEMORYUSEDBYOTHERPROCESSRUNNINGONSYSTEMSIMILAR MUSBECAREFULLWRITINGCODETHATACCESSESHARDWAREDEVICESDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTHROUGHSTANDARDIZEDINTERFACEPROVIDEDBYANOPERATINGSYSTEMSO THA TWECANAVOIDACCIDENTALLYCORRPUTTINGMEMORYUSEDBYOTHERPROCESSRUNNINGONSIMILARMUSTBECAREFULLWRITIN GCODETHATACCESSESHARDWAREDEVICESDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTHROUGHSTANDARDIZEDINTERFACEPROVIDEDBYANOPERATINGSYSTEMSO THA TWECANAVOIDACCIDENTALLYCORRPUTTINGMEMORYUSEDBYOTHERPROCESSRUNNINGONSIMILARMUSBECAREFULLWRITIN GCODETHATACCESSESHARDWAREDEVICESDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTHROUGHSTANDARDIZEDINTERFACEPROVIDEDBYANOPERATINGSYSTEMSO THA TWECANAVOIDACCIDENTALLYCORRPUTTINGMEMORYUSEDBYOTHERPROCESSRUNNINGONSIMILARMUSBECAREFULLWRI TIN GCODETHATACCESSESHARDWAREDEVICESDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTHROUGHSTANDARDIZEDINTERFACEPROVIDEDBYANOPER ATINGSYSTE SO THA TWE CAN AV OID ACC ID EN TA L LY CO R R PU TT IN G ME MO RY US ED BY O T H E R PROCES S RUN N IN GS IM IL AR M US BE CA RE FU LL W RI TI N G CODE THAT ACCESS E SH AR DW A RE DE V ICE S DIRECT W I THO UT GO ING THROUGH STANDAR DIZ ED INTERF AC E PR OV IDE D BY AN OPER AT ING SY STE SO THA T WE CAN A VO ID ACC IDE NT AL LY CO RP PUTT IN GM EM ORY US ED BY OT HER PROCES S RUN NI NG SIM IL AR MU SBECAREFULLWRITIN GCODETHATHACCESSSHARDWAREDEVICE SDIRECTWITHOUTGOINGTROUGHS STANDARTIZEDINTERFAC PROVDIDBANOPE RATINSYSTEOUOAIWOHTACNIOLDCNEMOYGRTSUOP YLEDIFNOITCESREVAHCSDREVIHWARDSAHCLAECCOTNUOCWOTHTOGOOINHTG ROFSUATSIRTSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDNA TSNIADZREDA xor dl,dx ; int _disk_interrupt_vector_array_for_drivers_connected_via_usb_serial_port_to_computer_using_private_protocols_defined_manufacturers_and_they_may_have_different_syntax_for_same_command_between_different_drivers_same_machine_so_should_take_extra_caution_not_accidentally_overwriting_someone_else_process_data_ram_space_while_tryng_write_driver_specific_commands_registers_like_this_silly_macro_expansion_example_here_which_is_long_enough_make_hard_read_follow_instruction_sequence_below_macro_definition_but_short_enough_fit_single_line_macro_expansion_rule_requiring_only_three_characters_max_length_macro_name_include_parameter_list_comma_delimited_list_arguments_passed_macro_invocation_here_dx_represents_sector_count_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_interrupt_handler_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_read_sectors_from_disk_into_buffer_argument_passed_ pop di ; pop si ; pop bp ; pop bx ; pop dx ; pop cx ; pop ax ; ret ; %endmacro disk_initialize: disk_initialize: disk_initialize: disk_initialize: disk_initialize: disk_initialize: disk_initialize: times (_end-_begin)*512 db ' ' times ((510-(9*_rawsize)+512)/(512))*512 db ' ' db multiboot_magic , dw _rawsize , dw ((_end-_begin)+(9*_rawsize))/512, dw multiboot_header_end-_begin, dw _text_rawsize , dw _data_rawsize , dw _bss_size , db '/dev/fd0' , db ':' , db 'rw' , db '-rw-' , db '/dev/fd0' , db ':' , db ',cdrom' , db ',' , db ',floppy' , db ',' , db ',harddisk' , db ',' , db ',network' , db ',' , db ',none' , db ',' , times (((510-(9*_rawsize)+512)/(512))*512-(9*_rawsize)-(10*11+3))/3 dd '$$$Boot$$' [bits 16] int10_set_video_mode: push ax push bx mov al,_video_mode_id_ mov bx,_video_mode_attributes_ int 10H pop bx pop ax ret int10_get_video_mode_id: push ax mov ax,_get_video_mode_id_return_value_register_ int 10H pop ax ret int10_get_video_mode_attributes: push ax push bx mov ax,_get_video_mode_attributes_return_value_register_ int 10H pop bx pop ax ret int10_print_string_at_screen_position_x_y_with_color_attribute_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attribute_string_address_x_y_color_attributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattributestringaddressxycolorattribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute string address xy color attribute push dx ;; save DX register since INT10 uses DX parameter passing convention... push si ;; save SI register since INT10 uses SI parameter passing convention... xor di,dxi ;; clear DI register since INT10 uses DI parameter passing convention... mov di,xpositionparameterpassedintoINT101PrintStringAtScreenPositionXYPassColorAttributeXYColorAttributeStringAddressXYColorAttributeXYColorAttributeStringAddressXYColorAttributeXYColorAttributeStringAddressXYColorAttributeXYColorAttributeStringAddressXYCOlorAtttributeStringAddressXYCOlorAtttributeStringAddressXYCOlorAtttributeStringAddressXYCOlorAtttributeStringAddres sXYPassColorAttributeXYCOlorAtttributeStringAddressXYPassColOrAtttributeStringAddres sXYPassColOrAtttributeStringAddres sXYPassColOrAtttributeStringAddres sXYPass